Political Science (339)
American History
Introduction
The Reagan era is one of the most outspoken in the United States history. This is because his era came in the wake of economic and political shake ups in US. This was a period of the Islamic revolt. Revolt of the Islamists placed the peace and tranquility of the United States at stake. The revolt would strike an eruption of terrorist activity with the United States being the main target. This was also the period when an American embassy was captured by United States adversaries and fifty two Americans held hostage by the insurgents. This threatened the supremacy of the United States. Smaller states began ridiculing the United States and disrespecting it. The Reagan’s era also came after the great depression of the seventies. The president enforced domestic and foreign policies that overturned events in the United States. The nation eventually celebrated its position again. Effects of some of the events in the Reagan’s era are still felt today, American Education publishing (2001).
Reagan revolution through president Obama
Regan saved the state of politics and economy of the United States by enforcing key domestic and foreign policies whose impacts are felt up to date. He implemented policies on taxes and defense. Tax policies included reduction of the domestic taxes. This reduced the burden on the citizens who thereafter were proud of their nation. The defense policies saw America emerge victorious in the cold war. Through the defense policies Reagan was able to overcome the threat that had been posed by the Soviet power. The US was able to regain its position as the super power. Victory in the cold war and recovery from the great depression were remarkable in the major the history of the US. The victory secured the respect upheld today by all the nations of the world on America as the super power. It made Americans proud of their nations as they are up to today. The Reagan’s era became to be known as Reaganism. Reaganism affected the politics of the United States both from the voters and the leaders’ perspective. Leaders adapted the Reaganism conservatism in leadership while the voters elected leaders who were conservative as Reagan had been. President Obama’s era is seen as the era which broke the chain of conservatism. The culture of the United States was affected by the victories achieved by the Reagan’s era. Americans developed a sense of belonging and pride of their country. Celebrations of supremacy of the nation kicked off and were observed in every year.
Ways in which the AIDs epidemic shook the economy of US from the eighties
The AIDs pandemic was a major blow on the economy of the United States. There were many ways in which the disease affected the economy. The nation suffered a great loss of man power to the disease. Many laborers died while others were weakened by the disease such that they could not perform their duty. Others remained at home to take care of the affected members’ of their families. This affected productivity in the United States. The BOP was threatened as there were more imports than exports. Another way that the economy was affected was through the shift of resources from development to AIDs research. Attempts to combat the disease saw allocation of more funds to the fight than to development projects. This slowed down the economy of the United States for a while. This demoralized the confidence of the United States in the eighties. Americans felt helpless in the wake of the incurable disease in spite of the break through which had been achieved in the past. The confidence was lowered because physicians in the US, who the world looked on for cure of the disease, were unable to discover its cure.
How deregulation from the Reagan’s era affect us today
The effects of deregulation that started with the Reagan’s era are still felt today in the economy. There are both advantages and disadvantages of the impacts on the United States citizens. The main impact of the deregulation felt in the US today is the economic shake ups experienced recently. Some major banks were put onto their knees by the economic shake up. Some were closed. This is partly due to deregulation. If there was a specific and federal regulation for the banks, such downturns could probably not have been experienced. The advantages can be seen in the sprout of many commercial banks in the US. The quality of service to customer has increased due to completion.
Afghanistan war and the 9/11 attack
The Afghani war is permissible to some extend due to its fight against terrorism. The 9/11 attack played a major role as a cause of the war. America went into the war because the country is one of the strongholds of Taliban the terrorist group. The war negative side is the impact on innocent citizens who suffer from the impacts of the battlefield. Many international bodies have criticized the war. This is because of its ramifications on innocents Afghanis.
Conclusion
Impacts of the Reagan era can still be felt in America today; especially the deregulation rule. The chain of Reaganism was broken in 2008 president Obama when Americans voted for change. Presidents’ Bush and Clinton’s era have been viewed as having been conservatism. The Afghani was has been faced with criticisms from a couple of international bodies.
References
American Education Publishing. (2001). the complete book of U.S. History.USA:American Education Publishing
The Reagan’s era, DOI: http://www.independent.org/store/book.asp?id=47. Retrieved on 9th September 2012
Wire Tapping In America
Controversy normally results in a democratic country when there is a need to balance law enforcement with the citizen’s rights. The 4th amendment of the constitution in the United States protects the citizen’s right. Citizens should be free from unreasonable seizure and search. Privacy means the right of being free from the interference of the government Wire tapping is an incredibly valuable tool for law enforcement. This is of great benefit mostly when pursuing terrorist group and organized crimes. During the September 11 attacks, president bush had all right to make sure that the nation was safe by protecting the nation from terrorist attacks (Lockwood, B 2007). By deciding to allow his administration to conduct warrantless surveillance on the American citizens, he was acting on what he knew was best for all.
The commander in chief who is also the president, it is his responsibility according to the constitution to protect the country. According to some legal scholars, they state that according to the fourth amendment, individual privacy is based on material things only their law enforcement has a right to perform wire tapping. Wire tapping is legal because not ever person conversation is tapped (Lockwood, B 2007). But the only conversation that is tapped is that one which is parties or the parties are being suspected to being criminals. NSA wire tapping tips the balance of power very far. A way in which need to balance privacy against the needs of law enforcement is by enacting a law that require a review by the judicial that will make sure that application and surveillance is conducted in a consistent manner with all laws applicable. To ensure balance of privacy, no one is supposed to violate any law just because of the power.
Small business security
Many small business owners are not aware of the security measures that they should consider to ensure the safety of their businesses. Small businesses are less secure because of lack of awareness, capital, and staff. This is the reason as to why attackers are now targeting the small businesses. It is essential for small business owners to know that large businesses have ensured enough security for their businesses therefore, the attackers are now turning to small businesses. It is extremely essential to make sure that all information of the business is secure. The business owners should also have document destruction policies that are secure.
A way in which small business owners can ensure that their business document and information is secure is by making sure that the employees are trained on security policies, and policies should be followed, information security policies should be put in place elimination of risk should be done by completely all the unnecessary documents etc. it is important that the small business owners should know that they should not only consider external attack as the only threat, but also think of the internal attack. These owners need to know that their employees have some very important information about the company which employees can use to attack the business. The business owners should know that even the people close to them might be a threat to the business no matter how small it is. It is necessary for the owners of small businesses to consider security for their businesses as they can also be attacked.
Reference
Lockwood, B (2007). Domestic spying and wire tapping The Rosen Publishing Group
Application Of Nanotechnology In Crime Prevention
WRITTEN_BY AdministratorApplication Of Nanotechnology In Crime Prevention
Introduction
Governments have invested a lot in nanotechnology research because of the benefits linked with nanotechnology. Nanotechnology is applicable in different fields including medicine, textile and oil industry. Nanotechnology has proved effective in enhancing security and preventing crime. Security issues are many today and this has forced the government to protect citizens and the state from organizes crimes and terrorist attacks. The high rate of crime in many countries is due to ineffective methods of crime prevention. Most of the methods used to prevent and detect crime are not effective and this has hindered law enforcement officers from preventing crime. Law enforcement officers have found it to carry out forensic investigation due to lack of proper tools and hence affected security.
Forensic evidence is important in ensuring criminals are convicted and in most cases only a small amount of forensic material is found on a suspect making it hard to convict them. Therefore, nanotechnologies are crucial in addressing current security concerns. Nan technology has transformed the criminal justice system and forensic investigation by improving the collection and analysis of evidence from the crime scene. Nanotechnology will continue to transform forensic science and criminal justice system as more tools are being developed to prevent crime. Governments are spending a lot of money on nano technology in order to improve the national security and protect the citizens. Hence, the focus of this paper is on the application of nanotechnology in crime prevention and security.
Discussion
Nanotechnology is useful in prevention of crime as it presents a new collection if abilities. Nanotechnology is useful in forensics as it helps in gathering and analysis of evidence. Forensic investigators collect a wide range of evidence that is used to convict the criminal including blood, finger prints and hair. After collecting the evidence, the investigators wait before the analysis of the evidence is complete. however , the investigators will not be required to wait with nanotechnology as they will be able to get samples from the crime scene and use the hand held mini lab to analyze them. Nanotechnology has been used to analyze finger prints in forensic investigation [1]. Dr, Menzel used photo luminescent CdS semiconductor nanocrystals that were capped using diocty sulfosuccinate to improve the detection of fingers prints. In addition, Worley and his co workers developed a method that could be used to detect images of latent finger prints using micro x- ray fluorescence.
Micro x ray fluorescence are effective in detecting finger prints as they product the images of the finger prints by detecting inorganic components that are found in the prints. This is in contrast to the chemical reagents used to detect finger prints. Using micro x-ray fluorescence to detect finger prints has advantages. This is because the method does not affect the analysis and the stability of the inorganic residues. The fingerprints remain intact when the investigator is analyzing them. Some of the residues that are observed when analyzing the finger prints are silicon, aluminum and calcium. The finger prints can be used in other tests like in the analysis of residues from gun shots. Though this method has benefits, it has disadvantages. The method cannot be used to analyze all finger prints [2]. This is because a sebaceous finger print that is left by one person can be different from someone’s finger print. In addition, the results produced using this technique might not be valid and reliable as the investigator can also detect foreign substances on the hand like sweat, lotion and saliva. Moreover, the method can be used in investigating missing children cases by examining the elements that are found on the saliva and food residues.
Nano technology can also be used in analyzing residue after a bomb attack. Fragmentation of explosives happens in a bomb blast attach and the traces of the unfragmented explosive remain at the scene of the crime. Crime investigators can use nano technology to identify the unfrangmented explosives when investigating crime. In most cases, investigators find it difficult to identify unfragmented explosives after a bomb attack and this affects crime prevention as they are unable to provide enough evidence to convict the suspects[3]. Further, nano technology can be used to analyze residues from gun shots. Investigators are able to identify microscopic particles on the hand of the shooter after using the fire arms. Investigators can use nanotechnology to detect the gun shoot residue.
Investigators are not able to gather sufficient evidence after a gunshot due to lack of effective method. Sometimes the investigators are unable to identify any particles of the gunshot residue after the crime. Gunshot residue analysis utilizes high resolution SEM imaging to identify residue particles and X- ray spectrometry to determine the elements that make up the particles. Scholars have shown that analysis of gunshot residue is an important step in the analyses of shooting cases and other criminal cases and hence can help in prevention of crimes in the society by providing sufficient evidence [4].
Nano technology can be used in prevention of murder and rape crimes by ensuring the perpetrators are punished so as to bring justice in the society and deter other criminals. Nano technology can be used in the analysis of DNA when investigating murder and rape cases. Investigators can analyze blood stains, hair and also carry out fiber slime. Nano technology has been used to manufacture tools that can be used to read DNA sequence in a molecule directly. Investigators use atomic force microscopy to read DNA sequence in a molecule. The DNS molecules are placed on carbon nano tubes and then read using the atomic force microscopy.
In addition to that, nanotechnology is applicable in the investigation of hit and run crimes, burglary and cheating crimes [5]. Nano technology is used to analyze paint and protecting coatings like enamel vanish. Nano technology is also applicable in arson cases and fore cases where investigators use the technology to examine petroleum hydrocarbon traces. Lastly, nano technology is used in cyber forensic, authentication of tapes and identification of speakers. In this case the investigators examine tapes that have nano coatings. Identifying the nano coating in tapes makes it easy to determine the authentication of the tape [6].
There are numerous techniques that can be utilized to examine forensic materials like the ion beam analysis. Ion beam analysis is vital in solving research issues in forensic science. The ion beam analysis method is used to identify forensic sample. Examples of forensic samples that are identified using the ion beam analysis method are residues from gun shots, explosives and finger prints. The technique can be used to identify soil and ink residues. This helps connect a suspect to the scene of a crime during investigation [7]. The investigators compare the elements that make up the forensic material found on the person suspected to have committed the crime and the composition of the forensic material found at the scene. It is important to analyze the specimen well in forensic investigation to ensure the evidence is not destroyed as the destroying the evidence affects its reliability and validity. The ion beam analysis does not destroy the evidence gathered at the scene during analysis and hence it is an effective method that can be used in preventing crime in the society [8].
Moreover, investigators are supposed to get adequate information from the evidence obtained from the crime scene, the victim and the suspect. Gathering sufficient information when analysis the evidence ensures makes it to support the claim. The traditional methods used to analyze evidence or specimens obtained from the scene are not sufficient as the investigators are unable to get sufficient information from the materials. This has had an adverse impact on prevention of crime as the law enforcement officers are not able to support the claim. The development of nanotechnology has eased the analysis process. For example, the ion beam analysis has been considered effective in gathering a large amount of information from the materials being analyzed because of its sensitivity [11].
The ion beam analysis technology has a high sensitivity and it is able to identify quantities of most the elements found in the periodic table compared to the traditional methods. The ion beam analysis is a modern method that utilizes milli electron volts ion beams to determine the composition of materials gotten from the scene. It also uses the milli electron volts to get elemental depth profiles near the surface of solids. All ion beam analysis methods are sensitive and are used to detect elements in the sub monolayer. The depth of resolution ranges between few nanometers and ten nanometers [9].
The ion beam analysis is based on the interaction between bombarded substance and the charged particles accelerating at the atomic level and nuclear level. A charged particle interacts with electrons and nuclei of the atoms of a material when it strikes the material. This in turn, results to emission of particles and radiations [10]. The energy of the particles or radiations represents the qualities if the elements that make up the material being examined. The analysis of the emissions using spectrometric method helps in detecting certain elements in different samples and also determine the concentration of the elements, It also helps determine the thickness , nature and position of the elements. The nature of secondary emission identified determines the kind of analysis which would provide good results. There are different ion beam analysis techniques used in analyses of material including particle induced X-ray emission, particle induced Gamma- ray emission among others. Investigators can choose the method to use when analyzing samples obtained from crime scenes [12].
Other tools that can be used to prevent crime are trackers and bar codes. Trackers are used in marking products in stores to prevent people from stealing. Trackers help in deterring crime in the society as people do not steal items that have been marked for fear if being caught. People are aware that they will be caught if they steal the items. Apart from deterring crime in the society, trackers can be used to track down items if they are stolen. Law enforcement officers can use trackers to track stolen items during investigation. Trackers are also useful in correctional facilities as they can be used to prevent prisoners from escaping. In this case, the prisoners are injected with nano trackers to track them if they escape. Nano trackers eliminate the use of bails in criminal justice as the court as they facilitate monitoring of criminals when they are released. The law enforcement officers monitor the criminals after being released and do not worry about finding them again if they are released [13].
Further, barcodes are essential in preventing crime. Nano technology helps in determining items that are authentic and those that are fake. Nano technology can be used in different sectors to prevent counterfeit goods or duplication of goods. Counterfeiting leads to huge losses as companies and the country in general lose a lot of money. This is because customers buy the counterfeit good instead of the authentic products. Companies manufacture counterfeit products and pas them off as authentic sand hence affect both consumers and companies as they incur losses. Most countries use watermarks to prevent counterfeiting by differentiating genuine products and fake products. However, people and companies have managed to sell counterfeit products leading to economic looses. Nano technology helps in preventing counterfeit crimes by developing tools that are able to detect counterfeit products and genuine products. Nano technology will be used to create tools with tiny dots and distinct colors to detect counterfeit products. The dots will be detected using a hand help device that is meant to read the dots and therefore prevent counterfeit crime [1].
Conclusion
In conclusion, nano technology is an effective method of preventing crime in the society and enhancing security. Nanotechnology can be used to protect people in the society against a wide range of crime activities. Nanotechnology can be used to protect people against from violent crimes, rape, murder and terrorist attacks. It can also be used to protect youngsters against crimes such as kidnapping and burglary. The rate of crime in the society has increased greatly for the past decades because of poor methods of preventing crime. Most of the traditional methods used to prevent crime are not effective. For example, the traditional methods used in crime investigation are not effective as investigators are not able to analyze forensic material thoroughly.
The methods have hindered investigators from gathering sufficient information from the crime scene and hence affected the investigation and trial process. Nano technology has helped solve issues in crime prevention and security by improving the analysis of evidence collected from the scene of crime. Nano technology can be used to analyze restudies from bomb attacks, gunshots and murder. It can also be used to examine residue from hit and run crimes, rape, cyber crime and burglary. The ion beam analysis method helps in analysis of the residue and determine the elements that make up the residue because of its sensitivity. Therefore, nano technology is applicable in crime prevention and security.
Reference
Chen,Y.(2011).Forensic applications of nanotechnology .Journal of the Chinese chemical society, vol 58,p828-835
- Institute of materials. (2003). Materials world. University of Michigan,p1-362
- Jalali,S.,&Torgal,F.P.(2011).Eco-efficient construction and building materials.Springer,p226
- Hargreaves, M.D., Edwards, H.G., &Chlmers, J.M. (2012). Infrarendad Raman Spectroscopy in forensic science. John Wiley and sons,p151
- Kellman, B. (2007). Bioviolence. Cambridge university
$16. McCord, B.(2006).Nanotechnology and its potential forensic DNA analysis. International forensic research institute
- McGuire,M.(2012).Technology, Crime and Justice: The Question Concerning Technomia.Routledge,p226
- Meng, B. C. (1997).Gunshot residue analysis . Journal of forensic science, 42: 553-570.
- Mosher, P, V., McVicar, E.D., Randall., et al.(1998). Gunshot residue. Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic. Sci. 31 (3):157–168.
- Romolo, F.S., & Margot, P.(2001). Identification of gunshot residue. Forensic Sci. Int. 119: 195-211.
$111. Shinde,.S.A.,Malve,M.K.,Prabha,C.,& Garad,M.V.(2010). Nanotechnology and forensic science. Nanotechnology and nano science,1(1):19-21
- Vedder, A., &Teeuw, W. (2008). Security application for converging technologies. Boom Juridische Uitgevers,p1-226
- Warren, J., Ellis, R., &Hogard, E. (2007). Community safety. University of chester,p48
The Renaissance
A historical shift that can be best remembered for introducing a wide spread challenge to shared values is the Renaissance period. The renaissance is a historical shift that marked the development of a new world view and it begun with Scientific Revolution. This period brought new ways of thinking on religious and scientific aspects and also, on the human nature. The thinkers of the enlightened period aimed at making their ideas are known to the general public and not to a large mass of people. The early stages of enlightenment were at the early half of the 18th century that symbolized the scientific revolution. The second stage of Enlighten started with the publication of The Spirit of the Laws that lasted till the death of Rousseau and Voltaire. The Late Enlightenment majored on the principle of human reason to passions and emotions preoccupations.
The main concept of enlightenment thinking involves the call for natural science methods in understanding and examining life in all its dimensions. This is an aspect called reason or ration according to the enlightenment thinkers. This means that there was no need of basing the truth or searching for the truth through mare faith. Another principle of the enlightenment is that through scientific method, it is possible to understand and discover the human society, just like the nature's laws. This second concept marked the birth of social sciences. Finally, is the concept of progress, which according to the enlightenment thinkers, it's the possibility to improve humans and human society. This principle is possible when the enlightenment thinkers could focus their rationale thinking according to logic and reason.
The logical conclusion of the enlightenment period is secular and its very nature is secular. Only the explanations considered to be world and reasonable were considered valid. However, the ideas of the enlightenment had little impact to the common and poor folk, they in fact ware against the ideas of the enlightenment because they that these ideas attacked their traditions and customs mainly based on the observation of religion. Another ideological belief that the enlightenment brought was on the concept of religious truth. During this time, there was nothing such as religious freedom. This made some thinkers to wonder whether religious truth could certainly the truth. Another concept was the exposure to various parts of the world. This exposure enabled them to be exposed to new cultures of the world.To Fronttelle, he believed that v development and progress in intellect matters is through Mathematics and science. Such kind of thinking led to direct confrontation with religion as the earlier thinkers believed.
One of the foremost scientific revolution thinkers is Sir Isaac Newton, a committed Christian. Fronttelle did not believe in the principal of absolute truth and he had cynical ideas on religion. Another famous skeptic of the Enlightenment period is Pierre Bayle a, French who did not like Louis XIV. He worked as a crusading journalist and a crusader who dwelled in Nether lands for its toleration practice. In his book the Historical and Critical Dictionary, he showed that it is impossible to know anything behind doubt. Through the toleration of an open mind, it will be possible for mankind to understand philosophy and religious matters. Another philosopher who changed the European thinking concerning the concepts and absolutes of wrong and right in John Locke as showed in his book the Two Treaties on Civil Government. He criticized Descartes thinking that every human is born with different ways of thinking and with different idea. Instead, Locke urged that it is through experience that ideas are gained.
Reference
Hooker, R (1996) the European Enlightenment. Retrieved from
http://web.archive.org/web/20080110173752/http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/ENLIGHT/PREPHIL.HTM
On Sept 3rd 2012
Israel, J (2001) Radical Enlightenment. Making of Modernity 1650–1750. Oxford University Press, p. 159
Fairness Doctrine
I. Introduction
The fairness doctrine is a policy that requires broadcasters to present issues that people consider to be of national importance. The policy was enacted in order to bring about fairness in terms of exposure of political issues. The policy was abandoned in 1987. However, various sections of the society have called for the reinstatement of this policy. This paper seeks to examine the fairness doctrine with the aim of establishing whether it established fairness or not.
II. History of the Policy
The fairness doctrine was established in 1949 (Ruan, 2009). Then, politicians were concerned that media owners could misuse their license to propagate partisan interest and biased information about political issues within the country.In 1954, the congress echoed the above sentiments that were raised by politician. In the 1970, the fairness doctrine was considered as an effective policy that promotes fairness in the coverage of issues (Ruan, 2009). Politicians believed that access to airwaves should be a right of every American and not the privilege of a few license owners.In the 1980s, different section of the society began to raise objections to this policy. Some opponents argued that the policy has turned the media into platform for pleasing politicians. In 1987, the FCC resolved to do away with the fairness doctrine.
III. Arguments in Favor of the Policy
a. Use of Airwaves should be regulated
Supporters of the fairness doctrine argue that since airwaves are limited resources, they should be closely regulated in order to ensure that everyone gets equal access (Walker, 2008).
b. The fairness doctrine will facilitate access to information
Proponents of the fairness doctrine also argued that this doctrine will promote the spread of information (Walker, 2008). This is because more people will have access to the airwaves and thus, encouraging the conveyance of different views.
IV. Argument against the Policy
a. The doctrine Restrain speech
Opponent of the fairness doctrine argued that this policy did not promote fairness in terms of access to the airwaves (Terry, 2009). Instead, the policy restrained the media from airing political news. The media wanted to steer clear of problems and this meant staying clear of political issues.
b. The Doctrine was against the right to property
Opponent of the fairness doctrine also argued that the policy was against the constitution as it violated individuals' private property right (Ammori, 2008). These opponents noted that media houses are investments by private individuals and, therefore, the rights of these individuals to control their property should not be taken away from the owners.
c. The doctrine lacked an elaborate criterion for defining fairness
Congress established the fairness doctrine with the aim of introducing fairness in terms of access to airwaves (York, 2007). However, congress did not establish elaborate criteria for defining fairness. Therefore, these powers were left to a federal agency thus, moving monopolization of power from the media to people controlling the federal agencies.
d. The fairness doctrine is outdated
A section of opponents are arguing that the fairness doctrine was suitable for the 1940s and 1960s but is no longer needed in the 21st century. This is because, in this early period, there were a few media houses making it possible for a few individuals to monopolize the airwaves. Today, there are hundreds of radio stations, televisions and new paper media making it impossible for an individual to monopolize public information. The development of the internet and the social media has made it harder for anyone to monopolize information.
V. Conclusion
References
Ammori M. (2008). The Fairness Doctrine: A Flawed Means to Attain a Noble Goal. Administrative Law Review. 60 (4): 881-893
Ruan K. (2009). Fairness Doctrine; History and Constitutional Issues. Journal of Current Issues in crime and Law. 2 (1): 75-89
Terry C. (2009). Two Strikes and a Foul Ball: One More Pitch for the Fairness Doctrine. International Communication Association. 1-22
Walker J. (2008). Beyond Fairness Doctrine. Reason. 40 (6): 36-44
York B. (2007). "An Unfair Doctrine". National Review. 59 (13); 32- 35
The Fairness Doctrine
The fairness doctrine was a government policy established in 1949 to compel broadcaster to air issues that are of important to the public in a way that ensure equitableness and honesty (Ruan, 2009). Broadcasters where required to air issues that were deemed to be of public importance and give room for people to air contrary views. The policy was later abolished. Many views have been given in support and opposition of this policy. Supporters of this views argued that it ensured equitable distribution of airwave opportunity to everyone (Walker, 2008). Thus every individual had an opportunity to express opinions and refute opinions given by others.
They also argued that this doctrine was effective in preventing broadcasters from committing airwaves in supporting partisan interests. Those opposed to this doctrine argued that the doctrine undermines the property rights, which are guaranteed by the constitution (Ammori, 2009). Property rights give private individuals the right to own property and exercise control of the property. They also argued that this policy was an attempt to exert control of the media which undermines the freedom of the press. There have been debates to reintroduce this policy.
Interview: John Ham
John Ham was the chief editor of Durham Herald Son and is currently the Carolina Journal publisher. John Ham expressed opposing views in regard the fairness doctrine in an interview with the Carolina Journal. John Ham stated that the reintroduction of this policy is going to undermine people speech. He explained how the policy in the past did not bring equitableness in airing of political views but instead made most news media to stay clear of political issues. Generally, Ham feels that the introduction of the doctrine will be a negative move.
Reference
Ammori M. (2008). The Fairness Doctrine: A Flawed Means to Attain a Noble Goal. Administrative Law Review. 60 (4): 881-893
Ruan K. (2009). Fairness Doctrine; History and Constitutional Issues. Journal of Current Issues in crime and Law. 2 (1): 75-89
Staff C. (2009). "John Ham on Fitness Doctrine". September 14, 2012. http://www.carolinajournal.com/exclusives/display_exclusive.html?id=5213
Terry C. (2009). Two Strikes and a Foul Ball: One More Pitch for the Fairness Doctrine. International Communication Association. 1-22
Walker J. (2008). Beyond Fairness Doctrine. Reason. 40 (6): 36-44
York B. (2007). "An Unfair Doctrine". National Review. 59 (13); 32- 35
Sale of AIG Stocks
The wall street journal, (2012). US plans $18 billion sale of AIG stocks. Retrieved from http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10000872396390443779404577642023069906372.html?mod=WSJ_hpp_LEFTTopStories
Summary
The article above discusses US government plans to sell most of its AIG stock to the public. The government had acquired a large portion of AIG after its bailout rescue in 2008. After bailout AIG became nationalized. Efforts by the government to off load its stock to the public is in an effort to revert the company to non government-owned. The offer will also see the government strive to realize profits. The article also discusses how the government helped revive many other companies that were affected in the financial crisis (The Wall Street Journal, 2012). The article states that a near ext of government presence in bailed out companies such as AIG is evidence of improved economy as companies gradually stabilize. The articles also discusses potential problem with this move. Considering it is the campaign period the stock sale could be viewed as a political stint.
My Take
Prior to the economic meltdown that financially crippled AIG, the company was non government owned. After government bailout, the government becomes an essential part of the company. However, that was four years ago and the company has gradually overcome its financial crisis. It is therefore justified that the company lets go of the shares it held on the company. This will guarantee that the organization is once again recognized as non government owned. It is also an effective strategy to show the public that all the funds used to bailout companies and other financial institutions will eventually be recovered.
Connection with Class Work
Selling off government owned stocks is a strategy to gain public confidence on the continuity of the company. Companies that desire to remain competitive have to regularly re-strategize. The public’s confidence on companies such as AIG had significantly dwindled. By selling off its shares to the public, the public will once again co won the company. A sing that it is headed towards the right direction: financially.
Adam Smith’s Thoughts On The Proper Role Of Government!
WRITTEN_BY AdministratorAdam Smith’s Thoughts On The Proper Role Of Government!
The government as an institution has its own policies which govern the public and the private sectors. These policies are set and implemented to serve the whole purpose of ensuring smooth running of all business sectors. There are several roles the government is mandated to perform, thus here are the three specific roles established by Smith:
First and the foremost, the proper role of the government (sovereign) are to protect society from the violators of the law of justice in public and private, as well as, violation and invasion of independent societies. In this case, any violators apprehended by the government watchdogs would face penalties as per the laws set for that purpose. Secondly, is the responsibility of protecting, as far as possible, every member of the society from unfair or oppression of every other member of it, or the role of establishing an exact administration of justice.
The third duty is to erect and maintain certain public works, as well as, institutions which are not for the interest of any individual or small individual grouping, since the profits can not repay the expense to any individual or a small number of groupings, although it may recurrently do much more than reimburse it to a great society. The regime or government should not attempt to direct private individuals in what ways they out to employ their capitals, since it would only baggage its self with a most unnecessary attention. Every entrepreneur should be freed to execute his or her own interests in business activities as long as he does not violate any law of justice.
According to Karl Marx ideology on the formation of the working class, the origins of existing societies is as a result of the historical class struggles on clash antagonisms. The Bourgeoisie class, which sprouted from, the ruins of feudal community oppositions, has carried through the struggles against the Proletariats class. These two social classes have cost the society a whole lot of splitting up into two enormous inhospitable classes directly confronting each other. The workers begin to form trade unions, which are their, voices of urge for justice in the oppressive societies. In balance as the Bourgeoisie, capital, is advanced, in the equal balance is the Proletariat, the current or modern working class grown as a class of labourers who live only so long as they find some labor, and who find job only so long as their labour increase capital.
The extensive use of machinery and division of labour has resulted to massive restrictions of workers who have become an adjunct of the machine and it is the most monotonous, simple, and most easily acquired flair, that is needed of him. As the revolting of the work increases, the salaries decrease, thus discouraging the workers efforts towards productive outcomes. However, the workers after forming trade unions, they are victorious since they are now capable to develop on their means of communication, as well, as reduced oppressions from their masters.
The economic crisis situation deemed the radical departure for the Soviet Union. This was as a result of the workers pretense to work yet they were not working yet the treasured economical prosperity was declining as a result of some of the unbalanced situations such us lack of proper utilization of the land for plenty productivity, as well as, proper management of the land. Nationalism discouraged the individualistic tendencies of some of the leaders who had their personal interests other than for the entire state. Chornovil’s nationalist demands for Ukraine were for distinctive freedom and independence for the oppressor country the Soviet Union among other factors.
Reference:
Excerpts from Adam Smith’s wealth of nation, 1776 Retrieved on August 19, 2012 from http://www.historyteacher.net/APEuroCourse/Readings-Open/doc-ASmith-WealthOfNations.pdf
America
It is a fact that there are times in American history when the country was largely polarized. The early periods of American history when the country was being founded were most faced with polarization. There were issues regarding the principles that American ought to be founded on and this was characterized by various violent rebellions. The period prior to the civil war can be termed to have been much more politically polarized. The aspect of federalism had brought about heated debates. This was as opponents of federalism had raised fears that a strong national government would undermine the states. Patterson (2008). It is, therefore, evident and valid to claim that America has had periods where there has been polarization.
This being the position, however, it is not valid to state that the three branches of government are dysfunctional. This is because there are checks and balances that have been put in place to ensure that three branches operate as required. In America one of the techniques used to ensure that there is a limited government is the use of check and balances. This functions where each branch of government is provided with certain checks that make certain other branches do not become too powerful. The legislative branch has the following checks over the executive; it can remove the president by summons. The senate has the powers to approve presidential appointments and treaties. Over the judicial branch, the legislature has the following checks; it can remove judges through impeachment. It also judges appointments and can create lower courts.
The executive branch has the power to carry out the laws. It has certain checks over the legislative branch. It has the powers to call special sessions of congress. The executive can as well appeal to the public concerning legislation and recommend legislation. Over the judiciary, the executive has the check where the president federal judges and those of the Supreme Court. The courts posses the authority to interpret laws. It has certain checks over the executive. Judges that are appointed for life can not be controlled from the executive branch. Over the legislature, the judiciary can judge acts by the legislature to be unconstitutional. Lansford (2007). It is clear that the check and balances that have been put in place can not give room for any of the branches to be dysfunctional. The concept of limited government in a country is essential as it enables separation of powers. Any government branch that might have excessive powers may use the powers to the advantages of a few. It is for this reason that limited governments are the most effective for governance.
There may be other factors that may contribute to America moving towards not being the greatest country on earth. As time moves by, other nations are beginning to acquire skills and technologies that make them great. There are also nations that have had a continuous growth of the economy. This has not been the case with America as there have been mixed reactions in the economy. If at all America would cease being the greatest country on earth, it would not be attributed to the functionality of the three branches of government. Part of the statement that America has ever had polarization would be termed as valid. It is, however, not valid to claim that the branches of government are dysfunctional.
Reference:
Lansford, Tom (2007). Political Systems of the World. Marvell Cavendish. 31-32.
Patterson, T. E. (2008). The American Democracy. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Sculpture of David
The sculpture of David is one among the greatest master pieces of Italy that got fame due to its importance. The sculpture traveled for about four days where it was celebrated in different events. In a wooden cage, the sculpture was transported where it passed different places before reaching its destination. In the first place, the statue was to be placed in the Cathedral for people to view, but it were discovered that most people will not have the privilege of seeing it thus it was not the right position. It was realized that the best place and a central one was at the city simply because people from all places had access to the point, (Hirst, 2000).
In the first place, there was a disagreement between the Italian state government and Florence over the sculpture issue. The Italian state had issued some documents that claimed its ownership of David while Florence, on the other hand claimed of its ownership. Florence city campaigned for the David sculpture to be retained in the city while the government wanted it moved from the city to Rome, (Hirst, 2000).
From my understanding, I think and believe that the sculpture was moved from the city. The dispute over ownership is the main reason why the Italian government thought it was wise to move the sculpture from the city. On the other hand, the sculpture could have been moved from the city simply because of its importance. Rome was the best place where such a historic sculpture would have been kept, and I from own analysis i think that this was another reason why it was moved and transported to Rome, (Hirst, 2000).
Work Cited
Hirst M. “Michelangelo in Florence: David in 1503 and Hercules in 1506,” The Burlington Magazine, 142 (2000): 487–492.
